The beginning of English Literature c.450-1100
The history of English literature can be traced back to the
Anglo-Saxon period, which began in the 5th century and lasted until the Norman
Conquest in 1066. This period is also known as the Old English period, and it
marks the beginning of the English language and literature as we know it today.
In this article, we will explore the literary works and traditions of the
Anglo-Saxon period.
- Anglo-Saxon
Culture and Society
Before we dive into the literary works of the period, it's
essential to understand the culture and society of the Anglo-Saxons. The
Anglo-Saxons were a group of Germanic tribes who migrated to England from what
is now Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. They brought with them their
pagan beliefs, which included a complex system of gods and goddesses, heroic
values, and a deep reverence for the natural world.
The Anglo-Saxons were a warrior culture, and their society
was organized around clans and tribes led by chieftains. They had a strong oral
tradition, and much of their history and culture were passed down through
poetry and storytelling.
- Beowulf
The most famous work of Anglo-Saxon literature is Beowulf,
an epic poem that tells the story of a heroic warrior who battles monsters and
dragons. The poem was likely composed in the 8th century and was passed down
orally for generations before being written down in the 11th century.
Beowulf is a masterpiece of Anglo-Saxon poetry, featuring
alliteration, kennings (figurative language), and a complex system of verse.
The poem is also notable for its portrayal of pagan beliefs and its exploration
of heroic values such as loyalty, courage, and honor.
- The
Exeter Book
The Exeter Book is a collection of Anglo-Saxon poetry that
was compiled in the 10th century. It contains a variety of works, including
religious poetry, elegies, riddles, and heroic poetry. The book is named after
the city of Exeter, where it was housed for many centuries.
Some of the most notable works in the Exeter Book include
"The Wanderer," "The Seafarer," and "The Wife's
Lament." These poems explore themes of loss, exile, and the transience of
life. They also offer a glimpse into the everyday lives of Anglo-Saxon people,
their values, and their beliefs.
- Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals that
record the history of England from the Roman occupation to the 12th century. It
was likely compiled in the late 9th century and continued to be updated by
various writers throughout the Anglo-Saxon period.
The Chronicle is an essential historical source for the
Anglo-Saxon period, providing valuable insights into the political and social
developments of the time. It also contains some of the earliest examples of
English prose, making it an important milestone in the development of English
literature.
- Christian
Literature
The conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity in the
7th century had a significant impact on the literature of the period. Christian
literature, including religious poetry and biblical translations, became
increasingly popular.
The most famous work of Christian literature from the
Anglo-Saxon period is the Venerable Bede's "Ecclesiastical History of the
English People." This work, completed in 731, chronicles the history of
the English church and is one of the most important sources for the period.
Conclusion
The Anglo-Saxon period was a formative era in English
literature, laying the foundations for the language and literary traditions
that would follow. The works of this period offer valuable insights into the
culture, society, and beliefs of the Anglo-Saxon period.